Our analysis reveals promising evidence supporting the role of resistance training in diabetes mellitus reversal. Regular resistance exercise has been shown to improve glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and muscle function in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Combining aerobic and resistance exercises appears to be more effective than single-mode training in managing blood glucose levels and enhancing overall metabolic health. However, potential contraindications for exercise in diabetes patients, along with barriers to implementing resistance training, warrant careful consideration.
This review analyzes the capacity of physical exercise to restore glycemic balance, which is compromised in patients with type 2 diabetes. We can also ask whether physical exercise might contribute to the remission of type 2 diabetes. Exercise reduces visceral adipose tissue and ectopic lipids, which helps reduce insulin resistance. Furthermore, by improving insulin sensitivity, it promotes glucose uptake in peripheral tissues and participates in glucose homeostasis, as measured by HbA1c control. The reduction of hyperglycemia could restore beta cell function and mass. Cytokines secreted in response to physical exercise could mediate the positive role of physical exertion.
These reviews analyze the influence of exercise on the gut microbiome and overall health. Moderate exercise promotes a healthy immune system, while high-intensity exercise over a prolonged period can cause leaky gut and subsequent systemic inflammation, which can disrupt the microbial balance. The combination of aerobic and resistance training significantly affects bacterial diversity, which is associated with a lower prevalence of chronic metabolic disorders. Furthermore, exercise improves gut microbiome diversity, increases short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, enhances nutrient utilization, and modulates neuronal and hormonal pathways, thereby improving intestinal barrier integrity. Probiotic supplementation is associated with reduced inflammation, improved athletic performance, and fewer gastrointestinal disorders, suggesting that the gut microbiome and physical activity are mutually influential. The bidirectional relationship between physical activity and the gut microbiome is exemplified by how exercise can promote beneficial bacteria, while a healthy gut microbiome can potentially enhance exercise capacity through various mechanisms.
Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are the two most abundant phyla, representing up to 90% of the gut microbiota in adults. An increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes were observed in their relative abundance following exercise intervention. The Firmicutes phylum contains several genera of highly diverse bacteria that are beneficial for improving gut health in adults, while a greater abundance of Bacteroidetes is often associated with a poorer microbial composition and certain unhealthy habits such as sedentary behavior and a high-fat diet. The F/B ratio is frequently proposed as a potential biomarker in human gut microbiota research due to its high sensitivity to the effects of physical exercise or other environmental factors. A high F/B ratio should be considered as a marker of dysbiosis in adults, especially in those with obesity. While our results showed a slight increase in the F/B ratio after the exercise intervention, physical exercise played a positive role in modulating the microbial ecology and improving gut health. This is likely explained by the high protein intake in elite athletes and the high variability in relative abundance among different individuals and metabolic characteristics. Currently, changes in the F/B ratio are not sufficient to consider exercise interventions as the gold standard for regulating beneficial gut flora.
At the genus level, Ruminococcus gauvreauii, Anaerostipes, and an uncultured genus of Lachnospiraceae, all belonging to the SCFA-producing phylum Firmicutes, were found to have significantly increased relative abundance in the adult gut after exercise intervention, which correlated positively with insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness. A sharp increase in Bifidobacterium abundance was reported in many studies included in this review, suggesting a positive association with acetate production. The acetate metabolic pathway in intestinal epithelial cells could increase IL-18 release, subsequently activating the epithelial IL-18 receptor and promoting intestinal barrier integrity. The genera Roseburia hominis and Akkermansia muciniphila were found to be significantly more abundant in adults who actively exercise compared to sedentary individuals, and both genera were shown to have a beneficial impact on gastrointestinal health, lipid metabolism, and the host's immune system, as they produce butyrate. Furthermore, acetate and butyrate producers, represented by Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia muciniphila, were observed to increase significantly after an 8-week training intervention.
In addition, the gut microbiota plays a key role in gut-brain communication by generating neuroactive molecules. The predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is crucial for both brain activity and gastrointestinal physiological processes. Moderate exercise increased hypothalamic GABA levels, leading to a decrease in resting blood pressure and sympathetic tone. Propionate and GABA levels increased significantly in responders after 12 weeks of exercise intervention. The gut microbiota can synthesize and regulate neurotransmitter activity and interact with the central nervous system to regulate brain function. Several microbial species, such as Bacteroides, can convert glutamate into GABA, and strains of the genus Lactobacillus have been shown to produce GABA. Furthermore, dopamine and norepinephrine can be synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract during stress. Physical exercise stimulates intestinal sensory nerves, leading to suppression of monoamine oxidase expression.
In short, it is known that the gut microbiota improves mood symptoms, including stress and anxiety, and can mediate positive benefits in the brain. This experiment showed a dramatic increase in BDNF and neurotransmitter concentrations, improvements in cognitive ability, and mood stabilization.
There is an association between changes in the gut microbiota and CNS diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We also summarized studies on various types of microecological agents (such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics) and exercise for improving the symptoms of CNS diseases. Among these neurotrophic factors, BDNF is a widely studied neurotrophic factor. BDNF plays a crucial role in neuronal plasticity, synaptic transmission, neuronal resistance to stress, neuronal differentiation and maturation, and the activation of other support molecules such as NF-κB.
Studies have shown that in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), BDNF levels in the blood and brain of patients are relatively low, and that BDNF levels are positively correlated with cognitive function. Research by Mattson et al. has demonstrated that exercise significantly increases BDNF expression in the brain. In fact, one study found that in APP/PS1 mice, 12 weeks of treadmill running increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus threefold while reducing Aβ deposition by 50% and significantly improving spatial memory.
As always being One Size Doesn't Fit All puts the focus on The Size My Body Tells Me, Fits Me. The body will also give us the awareness to what was once a perfect workout in the twenties, thirties will need an adjustment. In later years, other adjustments. Also as the lessons of years leave their toll, things once thought of as to light, may provide big dividends. More evidence no need to be hard core gym rats, and the fantasy media images of the muscle bound hero being the super healthy is just that, a fantasy. Get that Gut right, the Mind and Body Follow and then you live being healthy, not chase a checklist, or public celebrities market formula's of supposed perfection.
Our analysis reveals promising evidence supporting the role of resistance training in diabetes mellitus reversal. Regular resistance exercise has been shown to improve glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and muscle function in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Combining aerobic and resistance exercises appears to be more effective than single-mode training in managing blood glucose levels and enhancing overall metabolic health. However, potential contraindications for exercise in diabetes patients, along with barriers to implementing resistance training, warrant careful consideration.
https://www.benthamdirect.com/content/journals/cdr/10.2174/0115733998275876240125064716 (2025).----------------------------------
This review analyzes the capacity of physical exercise to restore glycemic balance, which is compromised in patients with type 2 diabetes. We can also ask whether physical exercise might contribute to the remission of type 2 diabetes. Exercise reduces visceral adipose tissue and ectopic lipids, which helps reduce insulin resistance. Furthermore, by improving insulin sensitivity, it promotes glucose uptake in peripheral tissues and participates in glucose homeostasis, as measured by HbA1c control. The reduction of hyperglycemia could restore beta cell function and mass. Cytokines secreted in response to physical exercise could mediate the positive role of physical exertion.
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/26/17/8182 (2025)
These reviews analyze the influence of exercise on the gut microbiome and overall health. Moderate exercise promotes a healthy immune system, while high-intensity exercise over a prolonged period can cause leaky gut and subsequent systemic inflammation, which can disrupt the microbial balance. The combination of aerobic and resistance training significantly affects bacterial diversity, which is associated with a lower prevalence of chronic metabolic disorders. Furthermore, exercise improves gut microbiome diversity, increases short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, enhances nutrient utilization, and modulates neuronal and hormonal pathways, thereby improving intestinal barrier integrity. Probiotic supplementation is associated with reduced inflammation, improved athletic performance, and fewer gastrointestinal disorders, suggesting that the gut microbiome and physical activity are mutually influential. The bidirectional relationship between physical activity and the gut microbiome is exemplified by how exercise can promote beneficial bacteria, while a healthy gut microbiome can potentially enhance exercise capacity through various mechanisms.
Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are the two most abundant phyla, representing up to 90% of the gut microbiota in adults. An increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes were observed in their relative abundance following exercise intervention. The Firmicutes phylum contains several genera of highly diverse bacteria that are beneficial for improving gut health in adults, while a greater abundance of Bacteroidetes is often associated with a poorer microbial composition and certain unhealthy habits such as sedentary behavior and a high-fat diet. The F/B ratio is frequently proposed as a potential biomarker in human gut microbiota research due to its high sensitivity to the effects of physical exercise or other environmental factors. A high F/B ratio should be considered as a marker of dysbiosis in adults, especially in those with obesity. While our results showed a slight increase in the F/B ratio after the exercise intervention, physical exercise played a positive role in modulating the microbial ecology and improving gut health. This is likely explained by the high protein intake in elite athletes and the high variability in relative abundance among different individuals and metabolic characteristics. Currently, changes in the F/B ratio are not sufficient to consider exercise interventions as the gold standard for regulating beneficial gut flora.
At the genus level, Ruminococcus gauvreauii, Anaerostipes, and an uncultured genus of Lachnospiraceae, all belonging to the SCFA-producing phylum Firmicutes, were found to have significantly increased relative abundance in the adult gut after exercise intervention, which correlated positively with insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness. A sharp increase in Bifidobacterium abundance was reported in many studies included in this review, suggesting a positive association with acetate production. The acetate metabolic pathway in intestinal epithelial cells could increase IL-18 release, subsequently activating the epithelial IL-18 receptor and promoting intestinal barrier integrity. The genera Roseburia hominis and Akkermansia muciniphila were found to be significantly more abundant in adults who actively exercise compared to sedentary individuals, and both genera were shown to have a beneficial impact on gastrointestinal health, lipid metabolism, and the host's immune system, as they produce butyrate. Furthermore, acetate and butyrate producers, represented by Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia muciniphila, were observed to increase significantly after an 8-week training intervention.
In addition, the gut microbiota plays a key role in gut-brain communication by generating neuroactive molecules. The predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is crucial for both brain activity and gastrointestinal physiological processes. Moderate exercise increased hypothalamic GABA levels, leading to a decrease in resting blood pressure and sympathetic tone. Propionate and GABA levels increased significantly in responders after 12 weeks of exercise intervention. The gut microbiota can synthesize and regulate neurotransmitter activity and interact with the central nervous system to regulate brain function. Several microbial species, such as Bacteroides, can convert glutamate into GABA, and strains of the genus Lactobacillus have been shown to produce GABA. Furthermore, dopamine and norepinephrine can be synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract during stress. Physical exercise stimulates intestinal sensory nerves, leading to suppression of monoamine oxidase expression.
In short, it is known that the gut microbiota improves mood symptoms, including stress and anxiety, and can mediate positive benefits in the brain. This experiment showed a dramatic increase in BDNF and neurotransmitter concentrations, improvements in cognitive ability, and mood stabilization.
There is an association between changes in the gut microbiota and CNS diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We also summarized studies on various types of microecological agents (such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics) and exercise for improving the symptoms of CNS diseases. Among these neurotrophic factors, BDNF is a widely studied neurotrophic factor. BDNF plays a crucial role in neuronal plasticity, synaptic transmission, neuronal resistance to stress, neuronal differentiation and maturation, and the activation of other support molecules such as NF-κB.
Studies have shown that in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), BDNF levels in the blood and brain of patients are relatively low, and that BDNF levels are positively correlated with cognitive function. Research by Mattson et al. has demonstrated that exercise significantly increases BDNF expression in the brain. In fact, one study found that in APP/PS1 mice, 12 weeks of treadmill running increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus threefold while reducing Aβ deposition by 50% and significantly improving spatial memory.
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/21/3663 (2024).--
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/7/1070 (2024).--
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/19/10742 (2024).---
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/10/1686 (2025).--
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/11/1769 (2025).--
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/11/1769# (2025).--
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/2/254 (2026).--
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/15/2/154 (2015¡6).--
As always being One Size Doesn't Fit All puts the focus on The Size My Body Tells Me, Fits Me. The body will also give us the awareness to what was once a perfect workout in the twenties, thirties will need an adjustment. In later years, other adjustments. Also as the lessons of years leave their toll, things once thought of as to light, may provide big dividends. More evidence no need to be hard core gym rats, and the fantasy media images of the muscle bound hero being the super healthy is just that, a fantasy. Get that Gut right, the Mind and Body Follow and then you live being healthy, not chase a checklist, or public celebrities market formula's of supposed perfection.