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Guillermou
May 17

One hypothesis suggested that the response alternated depending on exposure to or abstinence from allopregnanolone, a progesterone metabolite and gamma-aminobutyric acid agonist. Scientists are currently exploring another possible cause of PMS: an abnormal inflammatory response to various stimuli, such as biological or physical factors. This response can lead to oxidative stress, an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their inactivation by antioxidants. Both inflammation and oxidative stress are being studied as potential factors in the development of PMS.

Hydrogen can penetrate biomembranes and permeate the cytosol, mitochondria, nucleus, and blood-brain barrier. Consequently, tissues can rapidly absorb hydrogen. Molecular hydrogen (H₂) is a light gas, but a selective antioxidant, and has recently been recognized as a novel therapeutic agent. Hydrogen (H₂) has been proposed as a potential treatment for certain neuromuscular disorders, cardiometabolic diseases, and types of cancer, functioning primarily as an anti-inflammatory agent and a selective antioxidant.

Molecular hydrogen can positively regulate enzymatic antioxidant systems, including glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. H₂ can selectively eliminate the most damaging reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, such as the hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite, without affecting beneficial ones, such as hydrogen peroxide or nitric oxide.

Increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant capacity can occur in premenstrual syndrome (PMS). An imbalance in the oxidant/antioxidant systems has been reported as a possible cause or consequence of various stress symptoms in PMS. As a therapeutic medicinal gas, molecular hydrogen possesses antioxidant properties and selectively eliminates cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tissues, thereby reducing tissue inflammation.

In conclusion, this placebo-controlled study has demonstrated that consuming high-hydrogen water (HRW) can reduce the severity of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms and improve quality of life. Therefore, it is suggested that HRW consumption could be considered an option for reducing the severity of PMS symptoms. HRW consumption is a simple practice that people can easily implement at home or in the workplace. This method is considered easily applicable, practical, promotes individual responsibility for health, and is cost-effective. Consequently, it is recommended that nurses and other healthcare professionals consider using HRW to help people manage PMS and improve their quality of life.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12905-024-03029-8 (2024) In conclusion, this study, which evaluated the biological activity of hydrogen, found that H₂, once distributed in the bloodstream, can be selectively retained by glucose clusters or within molecular cavities. This could explain the high concentrations found in skeletal muscle and distal tissues, as well as its retention in organs such as the liver. Once distributed in the bloodstream, H₂ can be selectively retained by glucose or within protein cavities or pockets. It is also possible that H₂, through the influence of electronic spin states, can target ferromagnetic ions such as Ca²⁺, Fe²⁺, and others, affecting cell signaling cascades and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Considering the direct antioxidant potential of H₂, ferromagnetism can attract singlet H₂, where heme could play a key role in its antioxidant capacity by modulating the production and reduction of ROS, while triplet H₂ could be integral for cell signaling and protein stabilization.

https://journals.lww.com/mgar/fulltext/2025/06000/theoretical_evaluation_of_the_biological_activity.20.aspx (2025)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Seventeen studies were included in this systematic review: eleven evaluated the effect of micronutrient supplementation, three analyzed specific diets, and three examined the impact of Zataria multiflora essence, wheat germ, and ginger on premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Most studies showed an apparent reduction in PMS-related symptoms after the intervention. This systematic review confirms the potential of a nutritional approach, including supplements or dietary changes, to improve the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7101209/v1 (2025)-------------------------------------------------------

The data presented above indicate that the cyclical hormonal fluctuations characteristic of the menstrual cycle, particularly in the luteal phase, have a significant impact on important neurobiological pathways associated with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), namely, the functioning of the serotonergic and GABAergic systems, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This neuroendocrine dysregulation coexists with other biological factors. Recently published data suggest that trace elements such as zinc, copper, and magnesium modulate the functions of the aforementioned neurotransmitter systems. These micronutrients affect the same signaling pathways influenced by fluctuations in sex hormones. They modulate the functions of receptors and enzymes and influence oxidative stress processes that mediate mood and stress responses.

Available studies indicate that continuous zinc supplementation throughout the menstrual cycle, at a dose of at least 30 mg/day for a period of no less than one month (preferably 2–3 months), and continuous elemental magnesium supplementation at a dose of at least 200 mg/day (or supplementation only during the luteal phase with higher doses of 360 mg three times daily or 250 mg once daily in modified-release tablets) for at least two months have a beneficial effect on premenstrual syndrome symptoms and are well tolerated. However, it should be noted that the recommended supplementation doses are based primarily on studies with small sample sizes, and their efficacy, as well as the broader role of zinc, copper, and magnesium in premenstrual syndrome, should be confirmed in large, well-designed clinical trials.

Furthermore, it is important to consider the safety of these supplementation therapies: the tolerable upper intake (UL) for zinc is set at 40 mg/day in many jurisdictions, and prolonged use near this level can cause copper deficiency (hypocupremia) and anemia due to decreased copper absorption. Therefore, monitoring copper status (e.g., zinc:copper ratio or serum copper levels) may be advisable in individuals taking zinc at or near this threshold.

Additionally, caution should be exercised, as elemental magnesium supplementation above 350 mg/day can cause gastrointestinal adverse effects such as diarrhea. Currently, zinc or magnesium could be considered as potential adjunctive treatment options in patients who do not achieve satisfactory results with SSRIs, CBT, or oral contraceptives, or as second-line treatments in patients who do not tolerate first-line therapies. Further research is needed to verify the initial findings on the role of zinc, copper, and magnesium in premenstrual syndrome (PMS) using more rigorous methodologies.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43440-025-00791-w (2025)

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