Artificial Sweetener Neotame Can Damage Your Gut
Red Flag Alert: Often disguised on food labels as E96, this relatively new and poorly researched artificial sweetener is already being widely used in foods and drinks you may now be consuming.
STORY AT-A-GLANCE
Neotame, an artificial sweetener that’s chemically similar to aspartame, may seriously damage the human intestine and overall gut health
Not only did neotame cause cell death in intestinal cells but it also damaged bacteria commonly found in the gut
Neotame caused healthy gut bacteria to become diseased and invade the gut wall, which could lead to irritable bowel syndrome and sepsis
Previous research by the scientists found that other artificial sweeteners, including saccharin, sucralose and aspartame, may similarly harm the gut
Artificial sweeteners are also linked to additional health risks, including increased risk of Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, anxiety and mortality in adults
Neotame, an artificial sweetener that’s chemically similar to aspartame,1 may seriously damage the human intestine and overall gut health.2 Sometimes listed on food ingredient labels as E961, neotame is a relative newcomer to the artificial sweetener market, despite well-known health concerns, is expected to reach a global market value of $3 billion by the end of 2025.3
Neotame, developed in 2002 as an alternative to aspartame, is up to 13,000 times sweeter than sugar4 and widely used in drinks, sauces, sweets, savory foods and chewing gum. Yet, “Despite widespread global use of neotame, there are surprisingly few research studies on the biological and physiological effects of the sweetener,” researchers wrote in Frontiers in Nutrition.5
The team, from Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge, England, found neotame poses serious risks to gut health, including causing healthy gut bacteria to become diseased.6
Neotame May Damage Gut Microbes, Leading to Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Sepsis
The in vitro study involved models of the intestinal lining (Caco-2 cells) and gut bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis) to examine the effects of neotame exposure. Not only did neotame cause cell death in intestinal cells but it also damaged bacteria commonly found in the gut.
The damage to the intestinal epithelium decreased when researchers reduced the expression of a specific taste receptor, T1R3, which suggests neotame’s impact might be linked to taste perception pathways. As noted in an Anglia Ruskin University press release:7
“The study is the first to show that neotame can cause previously healthy gut bacteria to become diseased and invade the gut wall — potentially leading to health issues including irritable bowel syndrome and sepsis — and also cause a breakdown of the epithelial barrier, which forms part of the gut wall.”
Neotame also disrupted the intestinal barrier, leading to increased leakage and decreased presence of claudin-3, a protein important for cell binding, again through a T1R3-dependent mechanism. In experiments involving gut bacteria, neotame increased harmful biofilm formation, which further reduced the viability of the intestinal lining, and increased the ability of E. coli and E. faecalis to stick to and invade intestinal cells.8
According to study author Havovi Chichger, associate professor in biomedical science at Anglia Ruskin University, “When bacteria form a biofilm, they cluster together as a protective mechanism which makes them more resistant to antibiotics. Our study also shows that neotame increases the ability of the E coli to invade and kill human gut cells.”9
What’s more, even consuming small amounts of neotame could be toxic. Chichger said, “Even when we studied neotame at very low concentrations, 10 times lower than the acceptable daily intake, we saw the breakdown of the gut barrier and a shift in bacteria to a more damaging behavior, including increased invasion of healthy gut cells leading to cell death. This can be linked to issues such as irritable bowel diseases and sepsis.”10
Aspartame, Sucralose May Also Damage Your Gut
Previous research by the scientists found that other artificial sweeteners, including saccharin, sucralose and aspartame, may similarly harm the gut. Study author Havovi Chichger, associate professor in biomedical science at Anglia Ruskin University, explained:11
“There is now growing awareness of the health impacts of sweeteners such as saccharin, sucralose and aspartame, with our own previous work demonstrating the problems they can cause to the wall of the intestine and the damage to the ‘good bacteria’ which form in our gut.
This can lead to a range of potential health issues including diarrhea, intestinal inflammation, and even infections such as septicemia if the bacteria were to enter the blood stream. Therefore, it is important to also study sweeteners that have been introduced more recently and our new research demonstrates that neotame causes similar problems, including gut bacteria becoming diseased.
Understanding the impact of these pathogenic changes occurring in the gut microbiota is vital. Our findings also demonstrate the need to better understand common food additives more widely and the molecular mechanisms underlying potential negative health impacts.”
In 2022, a study published in Microorganisms also revealed that consuming sucralose — in “amounts, far lower than the suggested ADI [acceptable daily intake]”12 — for just 10 weeks was enough to induce gut dysbiosis and altered glucose and insulin levels in healthy, young adults.13
The bacteria most affected by sucralose appeared to belong primarily to the phylum Firmicutes, which are centrally involved in glucose and insulin metabolism. However, it doesn’t end there. Animal studies suggest the sucralose-altered gut microbiome may be involved in inflammation of the gut and liver, as well as cancer. According to the Microorganisms study researchers:14
“A study in mice showed that sucralose ingestion for six weeks increases the relative abundance of bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, such as Clostridium symbiosum and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius.
Notably, sucralose-induced intestinal dysbiosis also appeared to aggravate azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer in these animals.
Likewise, sucralose ingestion resulted in gut dysbiosis and pronounced proteomic changes in the liver of mice, where most of the overexpressed proteins related to enhanced hepatic inflammation.”
Artificial Sweeteners Interfere With Normal Activity of Gut Bacteria
Researchers are only beginning to tap the surface when it comes to unveiling the complex relationship microbes have with human health and disease. However, gut microbes’ effects don’t only apply to your gastrointestinal tract. They interact with your central nervous system via the microbiota-gut-brain axis, a two-way information highway that involves neural, immune, endocrine and metabolic pathways.15
In short, if you value your overall health, tending to your gut healthy is key — and this includes avoiding artificial sweeteners. Yet another study, this one published in the journal Molecules,16 found multiple artificial sweeteners approved and deemed safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration cause DNA damage in, and interfere with the normal and healthy activity of, gut bacteria. The artificial sweeteners included in this study included:
The researchers concluded that all of these sweeteners "had a toxic, stressing effect, making it difficult for gut microbes to grow and reproduce." The effects on your gut health may in turn affect your body's ability to process regular sugar and other carbohydrates. According to this study, the toxic limit for these artificial sweeteners appears to be around 1 milligram per milliliter (mg/mL).
Ariel Kushmaro, Ph.D., professor of microbial biotechnology at Ben-Gurion University and lead study author, told Business Insider, "We are not claiming that it's toxic to human beings. We're claiming that it might be toxic to the gut bacteria, and by that, will influence us."17 Specific damage caused by the artificial sweeteners included:
Saccharin caused the greatest, most widespread damage, exhibiting both cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, meaning it is toxic to cells and damages genetic information in the cell (which can cause mutations).
Neotame was found to cause metabolic disruption in mice and raised concentrations of several fatty acids, lipids and cholesterol. Several gut genes were also decreased by this artificial sweetener.
Aspartame and acesulfame potassium-k — The latter of which is commonly found in sports supplements — were both found to cause DNA damage.
Artificial Sweeteners May Also Harm Your Brain
The authors of the featured Frontiers in Nutrition study pointed out that the negative effects of neotame on the “epithelium-microbiota relationship in the gut has the potential to influence a range of gut functions resulting in poor gut health which impacts a range of conditions including metabolic and inflammatory diseases, neuropathic pain, and neurological conditions.”18
Neotame’s relative aspartame is among the artificial sweeteners that’s particularly noted for its neurotoxicity. When you consume aspartame, it’s broken down into aspartic acid, phenylalanine — a precursor of monoamine neurotransmitters — and methanol, which may have “potent” effects on your central nervous system, Florida State University (FSU) College of Medicine researchers noted.19
Their study, published in PNAS, linked aspartame consumption to anxiety and, worse yet, found the mental health changes were passed on to future generations. The FDA’s recommended maximum daily intake value for aspartame is 50 milligrams per kilogram. The FSU study involved mice drinking water that contained aspartame at a dosage of approximately 15% of the FDA’s maximum daily intake for humans.
The dose was equivalent to a human drinking six to eight 8-ounce cans of diet soda daily.20 The mice consumed the aspartame-laced water for 12 weeks, which led to “robust, dose-dependent anxiety.”21 “It was such a robust anxiety-like trait that I don’t think any of us were anticipating we would see,” study author Sara Jones said. “It was completely unexpected. Usually you see subtle changes.”22
WHO Advises Against Artificial Sweeteners for Weight Loss
Many believe they’re doing their health a favor by swapping out sugar for artificial sweeteners, but the opposite is true. Even the World Health Organization (WHO) advises against using these synthetic sweeteners for weight loss.
A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by WHO revealed “there is no clear consensus on whether non-sugar sweeteners are effective for long-term weight loss or maintenance, or if they are linked to other long-term health effects at intakes within the ADI.”23
In May 2023, WHO took it a step further, releasing a new guideline that advises people not to use non-sugar sweeteners (NSS) for weight control because they don’t offer any long-term benefit in reducing body fat in adults or children.24 Francesco Branca, WHO director for nutrition and food safety, said in a news release:
"Replacing free sugars with NSS does not help with weight control in the long term. People need to consider other ways to reduce free sugars intake, such as consuming food with naturally occurring sugars, like fruit, or unsweetened food and beverages. NSS are not essential dietary factors and have no nutritional value. People should reduce the sweetness of the diet altogether, starting early in life, to improve their health."
WHO’s systematic review also revealed “potential undesirable effects from long-term use of NSS, such as an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality in adults.” The recommendation applies not only to aspartame but also other artificial sweeteners, including acesulfame K, advantame, cyclamates, neotame, saccharin and sucralose.
A 2022 population-based cohort study published in PLOS Medicine, which involved 102,865 adults, also revealed artificial sweeteners — especially aspartame and acesulfame-K — were associated with increased cancer risk, including breast cancer and obesity-related cancers.25
How to Give Up Artificial Sweeteners
If you’re hooked on artificial sweeteners but want to ditch them to protect your health, the video above shows how to use the Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT), a psychological acupressure tool, when you feel a craving coming on. It can help you overcome the urge to consume a poisonous artificial sweetener.
Other natural craving-busters include sour foods like fermented vegetables or water with lemon juice. When you feel the urge to eat something artificially sweet, grab a glass of water or tea with citrus juice added for a much healthier treat. You can also try eating a piece of fruit, many of which are naturally sweet and can be a great substitute for sweet cravings.
You should also become vigilant about reading ingredient lists on food and beverage packaging. Artificial sweeteners are not only in diet sodas and sugar-free products but can also be found in foods you might not expect, including yogurts, breakfast cereals, condiments and snack foods.
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Sucralose dominates the global sweetener market and comprises 30% of the United States sweetener market. Present in more than 4,500 foods and beverages, sucralose plays a fundamental role in the food industry and is unfortunately expected to strengthen its presence in the market.
Studies report that some factors cause the opposite of what we want to avoid obesity and diabetes. Recent research reports possible links with systemic inflammation, metabolic diseases, alterations in the intestinal microbiota, liver damage and toxic effects at the cellular level (Table 2, Figure 2 of the first link). Even the WHO has recently issued an alert indicating that sucralose consumption may be related to systemic inflammation and metabolic diseases. Sucralose, even in amounts considered normal for intake, while highlighting undesirable effects such as cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and immunomodulation. Research in humans indicates possible effects on thyroid function and connections with autoimmune thyroiditis, while animal studies provide histomorphological evidence of pancreatic toxicity and aggravation of the development of autoimmune diseases.
It has been reported that neurons activated by leptin are also stimulated by sucralose, suggesting that sucralose consumption could potentially alter the appetite-satiety axis and raise the threshold for feeling full. It also increased the expression of the dopaminergic nucleus, promoting food intake and suggesting a potential link between sucralose consumption and deregulation of the neuronal mechanisms that control food intake.
The inflammatory consequences of sucralose consumption can persist across generations. It has been shown that newborns of high sucralose intake (HSI) mothers showed a substantial increase in their percentage of inflammatory monocytes. Additionally, umbilical cord tissue from babies of HSI mothers showed higher levels of tumor and disease suppressive immune enhancers IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha and IL-10. This evidence shows that excessive sucralose ingestion during pregnancy affects the metabolic and inflammatory characteristics of newborns. Sucralose has the potential to alter the composition of the maternal gut microbiota and, consequently, this could affect breast milk during the bacterial transfer process. A previously established link connects the greater presence of this archaeon in the colastrum with obesity in children.
Sucralose may exacerbate intestinal inflammatory activity in mice at risk for Crohn's disease. Due to possible intestinal dysbiosis, it is believed that sucralose could be a major contributor to inflammatory bowel disease.
Studies in rats provide evidence that sucralose can deactivate hepatic ribosomes, causing cytokine-mediated inflammation in the liver Ad. The rats may develop liver fibrosis, hyperplasia and lymphocyte infiltration. Sucralose increased Hb1Ac levels, reduced red and white blood cells, and decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. Subsequent histopathological studies revealed severe liver and kidney damage.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2020.00710/full (2020).--
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/3/323 (2024).--
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36979631/ (2023).—
https://journalmedicals.com/index.php/AJOAIMS/article/view/139 (2024).--