We can also consider that progressive training and external factors influence the stress response. For the same absolute intensity of exercise, the cortisol response may be lower after a physical training program. During submaximal exercise (short duration, high intensity work performed with a load that exceeds that associated with maximum oxygen consumption), responses are influenced by several external factors. If submaximal exercise is below the critical threshold intensity, then cortisol levels may not increase above resting levels or, in fact, may be reduced. If this exercise lasts long enough, levels can gradually increase over time above resting values. A low-carbohydrate diet for several days can increase the subsequent cortisol response to submaximal exercise. Extremely hot or cold temperatures can increase the cortisol response to an exercise session. The more exercise a person trains, generally the more blunted the cortisol response is to almost any level of submaximal exercise condition.
It is evident that adaptation to exercise intensely suppresses the subsequent cortisol response to a psychosocial stress factor. Prolonged or severe stress has also been found to inhibit the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and its release of testosterone, which is dampened by training.
When the HPA axis is activated with chronic stress, negative effects occur such as:
1) Increases visceral fat deposits
2) Decreases bone and connective tissue metabolism in general
3) Increases insulin resistance
4) Produces irritability and mood disturbances
5) Alters the perception of reality
6) Lower tolerance to stress (greater perception of it)
This review examined the adaptive endocrine responses of the HPA axis, catecholamines, cytokines, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) to a single session or regular exercise of three different types of exercise, namely resistance, high-intensity intervals ( HIIE) and resistance exercise. The body's homeostasis can be threatened by external or internal stressors. When a threshold of the complex dynamic equilibrium described is reached, an adaptive compensatory response is initiated, as part of an innate process developed through evolution to protect the organism by rebalancing homeostasis (called allostasis). If the adaptive response exceeds a certain level it can become harmful to the organism.
A single bout of resistance exercise induces an increase in cortisol, while regular activation of the HPA axis induced by resistance exercise produces a relatively high increase in basal cortisolemia; A single session or regular exercise induces similar peak GH responses. Regular HIIE training reduces basal cortisol concentrations, while the catecholamine response is reduced in regular HIIE compared to a single HIIE session. The response of the HPA axis to resistance exercise depends on the intensity and volume of the exercise. A single bout of resistance exercise is characterized by mild stimulation of the HPA axis, whereas regular resistance training in older people produces an attenuated inflammatory response and decreased resting cytokine concentrations.
We can also consider that progressive training and external factors influence the stress response. For the same absolute intensity of exercise, the cortisol response may be lower after a physical training program. During submaximal exercise (short duration, high intensity work performed with a load that exceeds that associated with maximum oxygen consumption), responses are influenced by several external factors. If submaximal exercise is below the critical threshold intensity, then cortisol levels may not increase above resting levels or, in fact, may be reduced. If this exercise lasts long enough, levels can gradually increase over time above resting values. A low-carbohydrate diet for several days can increase the subsequent cortisol response to submaximal exercise. Extremely hot or cold temperatures can increase the cortisol response to an exercise session. The more exercise a person trains, generally the more blunted the cortisol response is to almost any level of submaximal exercise condition.
It is evident that adaptation to exercise intensely suppresses the subsequent cortisol response to a psychosocial stress factor. Prolonged or severe stress has also been found to inhibit the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and its release of testosterone, which is dampened by training.
When the HPA axis is activated with chronic stress, negative effects occur such as:
1) Increases visceral fat deposits
2) Decreases bone and connective tissue metabolism in general
3) Increases insulin resistance
4) Produces irritability and mood disturbances
5) Alters the perception of reality
6) Lower tolerance to stress (greater perception of it)
7) Alters decision making and judgment
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5988244/ (2013).—
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453021002109 (2021).--
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10253890.2023.2199886 (2023).--
This review examined the adaptive endocrine responses of the HPA axis, catecholamines, cytokines, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) to a single session or regular exercise of three different types of exercise, namely resistance, high-intensity intervals ( HIIE) and resistance exercise. The body's homeostasis can be threatened by external or internal stressors. When a threshold of the complex dynamic equilibrium described is reached, an adaptive compensatory response is initiated, as part of an innate process developed through evolution to protect the organism by rebalancing homeostasis (called allostasis). If the adaptive response exceeds a certain level it can become harmful to the organism.
A single bout of resistance exercise induces an increase in cortisol, while regular activation of the HPA axis induced by resistance exercise produces a relatively high increase in basal cortisolemia; A single session or regular exercise induces similar peak GH responses. Regular HIIE training reduces basal cortisol concentrations, while the catecholamine response is reduced in regular HIIE compared to a single HIIE session. The response of the HPA axis to resistance exercise depends on the intensity and volume of the exercise. A single bout of resistance exercise is characterized by mild stimulation of the HPA axis, whereas regular resistance training in older people produces an attenuated inflammatory response and decreased resting cytokine concentrations.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11154-022-09758-1 (2023).--