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Guillermou's avatar

Perhaps some of the success is due to choline's protective effect on the liver. Choline is an essential vitamin-like nutrient and methyl donor involved in many physiological processes, including normal metabolism and lipid transport, methylation reactions, and neurotransmitter synthesis.

Choline deficiency causes muscle damage and abnormal fat deposition in the liver, resulting in a condition called non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Genetic predispositions and gender may influence individual variation in choline requirements and, therefore, susceptibility to choline-induced fatty liver disease.

The recommended adequate intake (AI) of choline is set at 425 milligrams (mg)/day for women and 550 mg/day for men.

Choline is an essential human nutrient that serves several biological functions. It is a source of methyl groups, a precursor for the synthesis of phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, and a precursor for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Betaine is an osmolyte in addition to its function as a methyl group donor. Homocysteine ​​is converted to methionine by acquiring a methyl group. Folate can donate a methyl group to homocysteine; alternatively, choline is converted to betaine, which can donate a methyl group to homocysteine. Extensive epidemiological research has identified low folate intake as a risk factor for neural tube defects, cardiovascular disease, and several types of cancer. However, epidemiological studies on dietary choline and betaine are few because a food composition database was only recently made available. In a case-control study, higher choline intake was associated with a lower risk of neural tube defects, independent of folate intake.

Choline may also be linked to other diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, through mechanisms unrelated to methyl group metabolism. Higher betaine intake was also associated with improvements in atherosclerosis and fatty liver.

An elevated plasma concentration of total homocysteine ​​(tHcy) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, some types of cancer, and mortality. Many studies have found that the intake of folic acid and vitamins B-6 and B-12, nutrients involved in methyl group metabolism, predicts tHcy concentrations. Choline and betaine intake also predict tHcy concentrations. In our study, to evaluate the physiological role of choline intake in a free-ranging population, we analyzed the relationship between choline intake, measured using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and total homocysteine ​​plasma concentrations in participants from the Framingham Offspring Study. Several known determinants of total homocysteine ​​(tHcy), including folic acid, vitamin B-6, alcohol, and caffeine intake, predicted tHcy concentrations in this population.

https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/other-nutrients/choline

https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/2430728

Just steve's avatar

As expressed in the article, the Devil is in the Details. We have been hammered for all of 70 years that eggs are deadly. This goes back to an era before the Industrial Model for Massive Profits for a Few had completely taken over. We can do better because in the past we did better And, Lessons Learned from those who have pursued actual results providing actual health, Dis-Ease Prevention in producing the highest quality products possible are providing the proof. Angel Acres Eggs mentioned in the article...wow! Yes, expensive currently but if you can muster what it currently costs to explore them...wow! It's taking a trip back in time to Grandpa and Grandma's farm and collecting the eggs from the henhouse. Just outstanding. While the Grandparents eggs of yesteryear would blow away nearly any egg on store shelves today...Angel Acres takes it to a whole new level. Somehow, someway if their methods can become the base level providing Dis-Ease Preventing Eggs and Foods...plus also getting PUFAS out of the saturated fats in meats one would expect would be every bit as important to ending the Ca$$$h Cow Chronic Dis-Eases and there massive costs to the states. Getting the right ratios of our main physical needs and health drivers of Carbs, Proteins and Fat without the super saturation of PUFAS, without the toxins of Chemically Toxic Empty Calories not only destroying our personal health, but the Health of Our Garden, Planet Earth should be a no brainer, no arguments. The Power Structure for too long has turned our lives into an upside down world. We need to reject the self serving message Money Talks and BS Walks...and embrace, the Truth Heals and self serving BS can take a walk...off a short pier. Just Sayn'

Just steve's avatar

Today's second article a case study in why we, (the States,) can't have nice things. We are paying the most to get the worst results for actual Health. And, if things haven't changed, don't even ask what is near the top of what leading cause of death in the U.S.

Just a thought...perhaps we are too busy bragging how we are the richest country in the world, being "efficient" making multi-billionaires and close to creating trillionaires. Yet, at the same time some would say...footing the bill for other countries healthcare costs...but we have no money to do the same at home.

Massive expenses affecting so many levels of Society are preventing providing proper investments Preventing Dis-Ease and providing meaningful employment, building personal and public health. Real Wealth that makes Material Wealth even matter. Massive expenses for Health Insurance when Health Insurance is not healthcare. Massive expenses for meds that do not cure only manage the symptoms of many preventable Dis-Eases...a practice that should be methods of last results and are not healthcare. Massive expenses for Global Monopoly Corporate Captured Institutions to encourage - ahem - Dead End Streets. All could freed up to properly invests in methods of living that Heal and Do Not Steal, increase Real Wealth. Healthy Soils make for Healthy Foods, creating Healthy Foods creates Healthy People, Healthy People make for Healthy Societies. Just Sayn'