When a molecule loses electrons we talk about oxidation and when it gains them we talk about reduction. The redox balance of the oxidation and reduction processes occurs when the set of these chemical reactions remains stable. This is what is observed in normal physiology.
If, on the other hand, the body becomes unbalanced, the production of ROS accelerates. These molecules accumulate inside cells, oxidize the substances contained inside, such as lipids, proteins and DNA, and alter them.
Redox balance is essential for cellular homeostasis. It moderates the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS), leading to their effects as second messengers. However, overproduction of ROS and/or depletion of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems can lead to oxidative stress (OS) and its consequences. On the other hand, the excess of reducing equivalents resulting from an elevation in the GSH/GSSG and/or NAD/NADH + ratio or the overexpression of antioxidant enzyme systems can deplete all ROS that drive cells to RS.
Excess reducing equivalents can regulate cell signaling pathways, modify transcriptional activity, induce alterations in the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins, reduce mitochondrial function, decrease cellular metabolism and contribute to the development of some diseases in which NF- κB, a redox agent involved sensitive transcription factor. Diseases in which an inflammatory condition is associated with RS. Some of these diseases are protein aggregation cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, muscular dystrophy, pulmonary hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease and metabolic syndrome, among others (Table 1 of the first link).
There are environmental factors that intervene in the appearance of redox imbalance, such as a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, inadequate diet, smoking and environmental pollution, which also induce it. Stress, diet, exercise: common environmental factors and their impact on epigenetic age
Cellular repair and the antioxidant system work together to counteract the damage caused by ROS. The endogenous ones are generally enzymes, such as peroxidases and catalases. Among exogenous ones, the optimal ratio of pro- and antioxidant molecules is important for proper cellular functioning. The data reviewed show that long-lasting deviations from this redox state generate oxidative or reductive stress, which is responsible for inflammation, allergic and autoimmune reactions, and also contributes to aging. The vasculature is mainly affected, along with internal organs such as the kidney, heart, brain and liver, as well as bone and adipose tissues, which are directly or indirectly exposed to harmful influences through the circulation. Physical exercises stimulate the secretion of irisin, which is revealed as a powerful protector of the aforementioned organs and tissues. Together with melatonin, it can promote redox homeostasis
Physical exercise induces, to a variable degree, metabolic and mechanical stress that can cause an imbalance in oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis in favor of oxidant compounds.
Recent publications also show ROS as compounds essentially linked to positive effects in relation to the athlete's health. The anti-inflammatory effect associated with exercise, muscle biogenesis from mechanisms sensitive to redox status, an improvement in glycogen restitution, and even an increase in contractility and muscle strength, are some of the positive effects of the cellular signals exerted by the ROS.
Great interview! I wonder how does hydrogen water, which apparently improves health via reducing oxidative stress, square with reductive stress, since an increase in hydrogen would increase NADH/NAD ratio, thereby increasing reductive stress. It would be great to have a deep dive on this subject again with that in mind.
When a molecule loses electrons we talk about oxidation and when it gains them we talk about reduction. The redox balance of the oxidation and reduction processes occurs when the set of these chemical reactions remains stable. This is what is observed in normal physiology.
If, on the other hand, the body becomes unbalanced, the production of ROS accelerates. These molecules accumulate inside cells, oxidize the substances contained inside, such as lipids, proteins and DNA, and alter them.
Redox balance is essential for cellular homeostasis. It moderates the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS), leading to their effects as second messengers. However, overproduction of ROS and/or depletion of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems can lead to oxidative stress (OS) and its consequences. On the other hand, the excess of reducing equivalents resulting from an elevation in the GSH/GSSG and/or NAD/NADH + ratio or the overexpression of antioxidant enzyme systems can deplete all ROS that drive cells to RS.
Excess reducing equivalents can regulate cell signaling pathways, modify transcriptional activity, induce alterations in the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins, reduce mitochondrial function, decrease cellular metabolism and contribute to the development of some diseases in which NF- κB, a redox agent involved sensitive transcription factor. Diseases in which an inflammatory condition is associated with RS. Some of these diseases are protein aggregation cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, muscular dystrophy, pulmonary hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease and metabolic syndrome, among others (Table 1 of the first link).
There are environmental factors that intervene in the appearance of redox imbalance, such as a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, inadequate diet, smoking and environmental pollution, which also induce it. Stress, diet, exercise: common environmental factors and their impact on epigenetic age
Cellular repair and the antioxidant system work together to counteract the damage caused by ROS. The endogenous ones are generally enzymes, such as peroxidases and catalases. Among exogenous ones, the optimal ratio of pro- and antioxidant molecules is important for proper cellular functioning. The data reviewed show that long-lasting deviations from this redox state generate oxidative or reductive stress, which is responsible for inflammation, allergic and autoimmune reactions, and also contributes to aging. The vasculature is mainly affected, along with internal organs such as the kidney, heart, brain and liver, as well as bone and adipose tissues, which are directly or indirectly exposed to harmful influences through the circulation. Physical exercises stimulate the secretion of irisin, which is revealed as a powerful protector of the aforementioned organs and tissues. Together with melatonin, it can promote redox homeostasis
Physical exercise induces, to a variable degree, metabolic and mechanical stress that can cause an imbalance in oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis in favor of oxidant compounds.
Recent publications also show ROS as compounds essentially linked to positive effects in relation to the athlete's health. The anti-inflammatory effect associated with exercise, muscle biogenesis from mechanisms sensitive to redox status, an improvement in glycogen restitution, and even an increase in contractility and muscle strength, are some of the positive effects of the cellular signals exerted by the ROS.
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/10/2098 (2017).--
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/5/1126 (2023).--
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568163723001150 (2023).--
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212429223000111 (2023).--
Great interview! I wonder how does hydrogen water, which apparently improves health via reducing oxidative stress, square with reductive stress, since an increase in hydrogen would increase NADH/NAD ratio, thereby increasing reductive stress. It would be great to have a deep dive on this subject again with that in mind.
Please put me on your invite list; I would love to be considered for your program. Thank you.