Sepsis is the dysregulated host immune response to infection associated with systemic inflammation and excessive oxidative stress, which can cause multiple organ failure and death.
Due to the immunomodulatory properties of probiotics and prebiotics, peer-reviewed studies have led to the hypothesis that alteration of the gut microbiome could potentially be used as an adjuvant for the prevention and treatment of sepsis. Probiotics can be considered a treatment option for sepsis that can be attributed to increasing the population of beneficial bacteria and therefore decreasing the population of pathogens and increasing the function of the intestinal barrier. Their protective effects of probiotics in sepsis can be attributed to the reduction of ROS, improving the antioxidant status of cells by increasing the activities of SOD and CAT enzymes, as well as GSH content. It also reduced anti-inflammatory cytokine, S observed a decrease in the expressions of NF-κB-p65 gene and NF-κB protein
This systematic review and network meta-analysis that included 106 trials with 25,840 premature infants found that multi-strain probiotics were associated with reductions in mortality from all-cause, necrotizing enterocolitis. When combined with oligosaccharides, multi-strain probiotics reduced food intolerance and hospitalization.
Postbiotics are a class of probiotic products with probiotic effects that have multiple functions, including maintaining intestinal flora, protecting intestinal barrier function, and regulating the immune system. Compared with live bacteria, its biggest advantage is its distinct chemical structure and high absorption and distribution rates. Postbiotics can play the role of probiotics while avoiding many of the drawbacks of live bacteria, indicating a new treatment strategy for sepsis. Current research on postbiotics and sepsis is in its infancy, and a large number of systematic fundamental studies along with late-stage clinical trials need to be conducted for confirmation. It is possible to determine the precise treatment of intestinal flora disorders in sepsis by systematically investigating the efficacy of postbiotics and integrating, optimizing and using various probiotic components.
Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, mucopeptide and glycopeptide, is a class of compact and solid macromolecular substances formed by cross-linking glycopeptides through a series of glycosidic bonds and peptide bonds, and its constituents are peptides and glycans. Peptidoglycan is an important part of the bacterial cell wall, with the function of protecting cells from osmotic pressure and maintaining their normal morphology. It may be involved in a series of biological processes, such as stimulating the immune system and fighting infections, tumors and allergies.
Studies have shown that peptidoglycan enters the host through oral or non-gastrointestinal routes, enhancing the immune surveillance function of the host, driving the production of various cytokines and antibodies by lymphocytes in immune organs, and reinforcing the activity of macrophages and natural killer cells to better regulate cells and fight infections
Sepsis is the dysregulated host immune response to infection associated with systemic inflammation and excessive oxidative stress, which can cause multiple organ failure and death.
Due to the immunomodulatory properties of probiotics and prebiotics, peer-reviewed studies have led to the hypothesis that alteration of the gut microbiome could potentially be used as an adjuvant for the prevention and treatment of sepsis. Probiotics can be considered a treatment option for sepsis that can be attributed to increasing the population of beneficial bacteria and therefore decreasing the population of pathogens and increasing the function of the intestinal barrier. Their protective effects of probiotics in sepsis can be attributed to the reduction of ROS, improving the antioxidant status of cells by increasing the activities of SOD and CAT enzymes, as well as GSH content. It also reduced anti-inflammatory cytokine, S observed a decrease in the expressions of NF-κB-p65 gene and NF-κB protein
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535223010523 (2024).--
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/3/488 (2022)
This systematic review and network meta-analysis that included 106 trials with 25,840 premature infants found that multi-strain probiotics were associated with reductions in mortality from all-cause, necrotizing enterocolitis. When combined with oligosaccharides, multi-strain probiotics reduced food intolerance and hospitalization.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/2810095 (2023).---
Postbiotics are a class of probiotic products with probiotic effects that have multiple functions, including maintaining intestinal flora, protecting intestinal barrier function, and regulating the immune system. Compared with live bacteria, its biggest advantage is its distinct chemical structure and high absorption and distribution rates. Postbiotics can play the role of probiotics while avoiding many of the drawbacks of live bacteria, indicating a new treatment strategy for sepsis. Current research on postbiotics and sepsis is in its infancy, and a large number of systematic fundamental studies along with late-stage clinical trials need to be conducted for confirmation. It is possible to determine the precise treatment of intestinal flora disorders in sepsis by systematically investigating the efficacy of postbiotics and integrating, optimizing and using various probiotic components.
Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, mucopeptide and glycopeptide, is a class of compact and solid macromolecular substances formed by cross-linking glycopeptides through a series of glycosidic bonds and peptide bonds, and its constituents are peptides and glycans. Peptidoglycan is an important part of the bacterial cell wall, with the function of protecting cells from osmotic pressure and maintaining their normal morphology. It may be involved in a series of biological processes, such as stimulating the immune system and fighting infections, tumors and allergies.
Studies have shown that peptidoglycan enters the host through oral or non-gastrointestinal routes, enhancing the immune surveillance function of the host, driving the production of various cytokines and antibodies by lymphocytes in immune organs, and reinforcing the activity of macrophages and natural killer cells to better regulate cells and fight infections
https://academic.oup.com/burnstrauma/article/doi/10.1093/burnst/tkad022/7198559?login=false (2023).---